Source orientation, anthropomorphism, and social presence in human-chatbot communication: how to proceed with these concepts

Abstract Source orientation, anthropomorphism, and social presence are three concepts that play a pivotal role in present-day research on users’ responses to communication with chatbots. However, there also problems regarding the conceptualizations related measurements. Therefore, present qualitative interview study analyzes perceptions of their interactions chatbots through lens source anthropomorphism as well presence, order unravel how these can help understand human-chatbot communication—each unique ways. Interviews were conducted sample ( N = 24) was varied terms gender, age, educational level household composition. Findings presented for discussion elaborates theoretical methodological implications.